ABSTRACT
Malaria caused a heavy disease, economic and social burdens in China. Following 70-year concerted efforts, China has been awarded a malaria-free certification by the WHO on June 2021. This paper summarizes the control strategies of Anopheles vectors from malaria control to post-elimination stages in China, emphasizes the risk of imported malaria cases caused re-transmission and the challenges of Anopheles control after malaria elimination in China. Sustainable and precise vector control is still required in China during the post-elimination stage to consolidate malaria elimination achievements in the country. In addition, China’s innovative vector control strategies, technologies and experiences will contribute to global malaria control and elimination programs.
ABSTRACT
Serum samples were tested for IgG antibodies using indirect immunofluorescence assays. We then analyzed associated risk factors. Serum samples were considered positive when reactive at a dilution of more than 1:320. Differences between groups and risk factors associated with exposure were statistically analyzed using Chi-square tests and the generalized linear model. 122 of 1,260 samples (9.68%) were positive for infection. The infection rate ranged from 0% to 30.43% and differed significantly among age groups ( < 0.01); infection rate in the 50-59 years group was significantly higher than that in other age groups. The seroprevalence of varied significantly among sites within the four provinces, and the infection rate of field workers was significantly higher than that of urban workers.
ABSTRACT
Vacuum sealing drainage (VSD) is frequently used in abdominal surgeries. However, relevant guidelines are rare. Chinese Trauma Surgeon Association organized a committee composed of 28 experts across China in July 2017, aiming to provide an evidence-based recommendation for the application of VSD in abdominal surgeries. Eleven questions regarding the use of VSD in abdominal surgeries were addressed: (1) which type of materials should be respectively chosen for the intraperitoneal cavity, retroperitoneal cavity and superficial incisions? (2) Can VSD be preventively used for a high-risk abdominal incision with primary suture? (3) Can VSD be used in severely contaminated/infected abdominal surgical sites? (4) Can VSD be used for temporary abdominal cavity closure under some special conditions such as severe abdominal trauma, infection, liver transplantation and intra-abdominal volume increment in abdominal compartment syndrome? (5) Can VSD be used in abdominal organ inflammation, injury, or postoperative drainage? (6) Can VSD be used in the treatment of intestinal fistula and pancreatic fistula? (7) Can VSD be used in the treatment of intra-abdominal and extra-peritoneal abscess? (8) Can VSD be used in the treatment of abdominal wall wounds, wound cavity, and defects? (9) Does VSD increase the risk of bleeding? (10) Does VSD increase the risk of intestinal wall injury? (11) Does VSD increase the risk of peritoneal adhesion? Focusing on these questions, evidence-based recommendations were given accordingly. VSD was strongly recommended regarding the questions 2-4. Weak recommendations were made regarding questions 1 and 5-11. Proper use of VSD in abdominal surgeries can lower the risk of infection in abdominal incisions with primary suture, treat severely contaminated/infected surgical sites and facilitate temporary abdominal cavity closure.
Subject(s)
Humans , Abdomen , General Surgery , China , Drainage , Methods , Evidence-Based Medicine , Practice Guidelines as Topic , Societies, Medical , Surgical Wound Infection , Traumatology , VacuumABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Short-term (1 week) vitreous cryopreservation avoiding the formation of ice crystals has been achieved in preserving tissue-engineered bone composed of adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs)/demineralized bone matrix (DBM) compound through adjusting particular composition of cryopreservation fluid. However, whether vitreous cryopreservation can be utilized to cryopreserve tissue-engineered bone for long term (12 weeks) and maintain cellular viability and osteogenic function after rewarming remains unclear. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effects of vitreous cryopreservation on viability and osteogenic function of ADSCs for short-term (1 week) and long-term (12 weeks) cryopreservation. METHODS: ADSCs were isolated from New Zealand rabbits and expended to passage 3. Cells at passage 3 were seeded onto DBM derived from porcine trabecular bone and followed by 1 week osteogenic induction. The tissue-engineered bone was transferred to freezing vials of 2 mL containing vitreous cryopreservation fluid and then directly quenched into liquid nitrogen. The composition of cryopreservation fluid was 30% dimethyl sulfoxide, 70% low glucose-Dulbecco's modified Eagle medium (L-DMEM), 0.8 mol/L trehalose. Following vitrification for 1 week or 12 weeks, the composite of ADSCs/DBM was removed and thawed. After rewarming, ADSCs viability were viewed under confocal laser microscope by staining viable cells with the green fluorescent dye Calcein AM and the red fluorescent dye Propidium iodide at days 1, 3, 7, 11 and 13. The number of cells seeded onto the DBM was assayed by Hochest33258 at days 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11 and 13. Meanwhile, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity was also assayed by PNP microplate method at days 1, 4, 7, 10, 14 and 21. Osteogenic gene expression including Runx2, OCN, ALP, COL-1 was detected by real- time PCR at days 1, 4, 7, 10, 14 and 21. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: After cryopreservation of 1 week or 12 weeks, it was found that more red-staining live cells was observed at 1 day post-rewarming by live/dead double staining, and the green-staining live cells increased at 3 days. By Hoechst 33258 assay, it was found that the cell number decreased at 1 and 3 days post-rewarming, compared with pre-cryopreservation. However, a constant increase in the cell number was observed beginning at 3 days, reaching the pre-cryopreservation level at 5 days post-rewarming. By PNP microplate method, it was found that ALP activity reduced at 1 and 4days post-rewarming, but compared with the level of pre-cryopreservation there were no significant difference. However, a constant increase in ALP activity was detected since 4 days. By real-time PCR, osteogenic gene expression including Runx2, OCN, ALP, COL-1 reduced at days 1 and 4, but compared with the level of pre-cryopreservation there was no significant difference. However, a constant increase in the osteogenic gene expression was since 4 days. The cell viability and osteogenic function were observed without significant difference at each time point after rewarming of cells that had undergone vitreous cryopreservation for 1 or 12 weeks. Preliminary findings indicate that vitreous cryopreservation can maintain cellular viability and osteogenic function of tissue-engineered bone. Cryopreservation time (1 and 12 weeks) has no significant effect on the cell viability and osteogenic function of the tissue-engineered bone after rewarming.
ABSTRACT
Malignant obstructive jaundice is caused by biliary obstruction due to malignant tumor,and in clinical practice percutaneous transhepatic biliary metal stent implantation has already become one of the main measures to relieve malignant obstructive jaundice.Nevertheless,postoperative complications severely affect the life quality and survival of patients,especially the stent restenosis seriously influences the patient's prognosis,therefore,after percutaneous transhepatic biliary metal stent implantation the use of active preventive measures and the correct treatment of stent restenosis are particularly important.The causes of stent restenosis include tumor growth,cholestasis and proliferation of granulation tissue,and the main measures to prevent stent restenosis at present are re-implantation of the stent,reformation of the stent structure and combination therapy.This article aims to make a comprehensive reviewabout the causes of postoperative stent restenosis and the effective preventive measures.
ABSTRACT
Objective To investigate the effects of astragalus polysaccharide (APS) on bone mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) to osteoblasts differentiation induced by X-rays; To discuss its mechanism of action. Methods CCK-8 method was used to select different concentrations of APS for the proliferation ability of BMSCs with 2 Gy X-ray radiation, and the best concentration was determined. Cells were divided into blank group, APS group, radiation group, radiation+APS group. APS group and radiation+APS group were given the best concentration of APS for 3 days, radiation group and radiation+APS group were given 2 Gy X-ray radiation. After radiation, 2 mL osteogenesis induced liquid was added in each group, every 3 day. After 15 day''s induction, inverting microscope was used to observe morphology, and alizarin red staining to detect the area of the calcium nodules in each group. Western blot was used to detect the specific marker protein osteopontin and osteocalcin expression of each group. Results Compared with the blank group, the proliferation ability of radiation group was obviously lower (P<0.05); compared with radiation group, the proliferation ability of radiation+APS significantly increased (P<0.05); the strongest promoting proliferation of APS was 50μg/mL, therefore, it was selected as the best concentration. In terms of morphology, inverted microscope showed that secretion of crystals of radiation group was obviously reduced compared with the blank group and APS group, and secretion of crystals of radiation+APS group was significantly elevated compared with radiation group. In osteogenesis ability, compared with the blank group, the cell calcium nodule area of APS group had a certain reduce, but the radiation group had a significantly reduced (P<0.05). Compared with the radiation group, the cell calcium nodule area of radiation+APS group obviously increased (P<0.05). In terms of osteogenesis specific marker protein expression, compared with the blank group, the expression of osteopontin of APS group was slightly declined, and the expression of osteocalcin was slightly elevated, but the expression of osteopontin and osteocalcin of radiation group was significantly lowered (P<0.05). Compared with the radiation group, the expression of osteopontin and osteocalcin of radiation+APS group was significantly higher (P<0.05). Conclusion APS has protective effects on osteoblastic differentiation ablility of BMSCs induced by X-ray radiation.
ABSTRACT
Aim To investigate the protective effects of Angelica sinensis polysaccharides on bone marrow and spleen injury in SD rats induced by X-ray radiation.Methods Forty male SD rats were randomly divided into blank group,model group,low dose group of Angelica polysaccharide (63.5 mg · kg-1),Angelica polysaccharide middle dose group (127 mg · kg-1),and Angelica polysaccharide high dose group (254 mg · kg-1).The medicine group was treated daily with different concentrations of Angelica polysaccharide 2 mL gavage once,blank group and model group with an equal amount of distilled water instead.After a continuous administration of 7 d,X-ray irradiation was performed on rats except the blank group,with continuous exposure of 2 d,and the total radiation was at a dose of 6 Gy,then 3 d post the last radiation,the rats were sacrificed after anesthesia by bloodletting.The general quality of life,bone marrow nucleated cells,blood routine,spleen index,serum interferon gamma (IFN-γ)and interleukin-4 (IL-4) contents in each group of rats were detected.Pathological changes of spleen were observed under microscope.Results Compared with the blank group,the quality of life,bone marrow nucleated cells of rats in the model group,the number of white blood cells,spleen index,INF-γ and IL-4 expression significantly decreased,but the number of erythrocytes and hemoglobin increased significantly,and the difference was statistically significant (P ＜ 0.05).HE staining showed the decrease in splenic corpuscle atrophy,germinal center,white pulp and red pulp structural disorder,and the number of lymphocytes.Compared with the model group,Angelica polysaccharide group's survival quality,bone marrow nucleated cell number,the number of white blood cell,spleen index,INF-γand IL-4 expression markedly increased,but the number of erythrocytes and hemoglobin decreased significantly,and the difference was statistically significant (P ＜ 0.05).HE staining showed that pathological injury of spleen was alleviated,spleen body was visible,germinal center,red pulp and white pulp boundaries were still visible,and the number of lymphocytes increased.Conclusions Angelica sinensis polysaccharide can protect the bone marrow and spleen of SD rats induced by radiation,and the mechanism may be achieved by reducing the damage to hematopoietic cells and immune cells in the bone marrow and spleen,and replenishing blood and body fluid body.
ABSTRACT
Objective To investigate the bystander effect injury to lung-heart-liver-spleen caused by 12C6+ beam radiation,and explore the prevention and treatment effect of Guiqiyiyuan ointment on the injury and its mechanism.Methods Ninety healthy male Wistar rats were randomly divided into 3 groups:NC group (normal control,normal saline 2ml/kg,n=30),SR group (simple radiation,8Gy,2ml/kg,n=30),GO group (Guiqiyiyuan ointment 11.83g/kg,radiation,8Gy,n=30).All the rats received intragastric administration for 7 days.The right side of the lung was modeled by 12C6+ beam radiation.After modeling,the rats were killed at 48h.The heart,liver and spleen were taken.The malonaldehyde (MDA),glutathione (GSH),glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px),superoxide dismutase (SOD) contents were measured by colorimetry,DNA methylation rate was assayed by ELISA,and the expressions of Dnmt1,Dnmt3a and Dnmt3b were detected by immunohistochemistry.Results Compared with NC group,the contents of SOD,GSH and GSH-Px decreased (P＜0.01),MDA increased (P＜0.01),the level of DNA methylation decreased (P＜0.01),and the expressions of Dnmt1,Dnmt3a and Dnmt3b increased in SR group (P＜0.01).Compared with SR group,the contents of SOD,GSH and GSH-Px increased (P＜0.01),MDA decreased (P＜0.01),the level of DNA methylation increased (P＜0.01),and the expressions of Dnmt1,Dnmt3a and Dnmt3b decreased in GO group (P＜0.01).Dnmtl,Dnmt3a and Dnmt3b proteins were expressed in the cytoplasm of myocardial cells,hepatocytes and peripheral B cells of the white pulp in spleen,in all the groups.The color of NC group was light brown-brown,showing a weak positive expression.The color of SR group was brown-brown,showing a strong positive expression.The color of GO group was light brown-tan,showing a moderate positive expression.Conclusion The Guiqiyiyuan ointment can reduce the bystander effect caused by the 12C6+ beam radiation,and its mechanism is related to improving the oxidative stress reaction and the level of DNA methylation.
ABSTRACT
<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To reduce health-related threats of heat waves, interventions have been implemented in many parts of the world. However, there is a lack of higher-level evidence concerning the intervention efficacy. This study aimed to determine the efficacy of an intervention to reduce the number of heat-related illnesses.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>A quasi-experimental design was employed by two cross-sectional surveys in the year 2014 and 2015, including 2,240 participants and 2,356 participants, respectively. Each survey was designed to include one control group and one intervention group, which conducted in Licheng, China. A representative sample was selected using a multistage sampling method. Data, collected from questionnaires about heat waves in 2014 and 2015, were analyzed using a difference-in-difference analysis and cost effectiveness analysis. Outcomes included changes in the prevalence of heat-related illnesses and cost-effectiveness variables.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Relative to the control participants, the prevalence of heat-related illness in the intervention participants decreased to a greater extent in rural areas than in urban areas (OR=0.495 vs. OR=1.281). Moreover, the cost-effectiveness ratio in the intervention group was less than that in the control group (US$15.06 vs. US$15.69 per participant). Furthermore, to avoid one additional patient, the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio showed that an additional US$14.47 would be needed for the intervention compared to when no intervention was applied.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The intervention program may be considered a worthwhile investment for rural areas that are more likely to experience heat waves. Meanwhile, corresponding improving measures should be presented towards urban areas. Future research should examine whether the intervention strategies could be spread out in other domestic or international regions where heat waves are usually experienced.</p>
Subject(s)
Adolescent , Adult , Aged , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Young Adult , China , Epidemiology , Community Networks , Cost-Benefit Analysis , Cross-Sectional Studies , Heat Stress Disorders , Epidemiology , Hot Temperature , Logistic Models , PrevalenceABSTRACT
Bartonella species can infect a variety of mammalian hosts and cause a broad spectrum of diseases in humans, but there have been no reports of Bartonella infection in Ochotonidae. This is the first study to detect Bartonella in plateau pikas in the Qinghai plateau, providing baseline data for the risk assessment of human Bartonella infection in this area. We obtained 15 Bartonella strains from 79 pikas in Binggou and Maixiu areas of Qinghai with a positive rate of 18.99%. Based on the phylogenetic analysis of the Bartonella citrate synthase (gltA) gene sequences, most strains were closely related to B. taylorii (3/15) and B. grahamii (12/15). The latter is a pathogenic strain in humans. Our results suggest that a corresponding prevention and control strategy should be taken into consideration in the Qinghai province.
Subject(s)
Animals , Female , Humans , Male , Bartonella , Classification , Genetics , Bartonella Infections , Epidemiology , Microbiology , China , Epidemiology , Genotype , Lagomorpha , PhylogenyABSTRACT
Congenital cataract, a clinically and genetically heterogeneous lens disorder is defined as any opacity of the lens presented from birth and is responsible for approximately 10% of worldwide childhood poor vision or blindness. To identify the genetic defect responsible for congenital nuclear cataract in a four-generation Chinese Han family, exome and direct Sanger sequencings were conducted and a missense variant c.139G>A (p.D47N) in the gap junction protein-alpha 3 gene (GJA3) was identified. The variant co-segregated with patients of the family and was not observed in unaffected family members or normal controls. The above findings indicated that the variant was a pathogenic mutation. The mutation p.D47N was found in the first extracellular loop (E1) domain of GJA3 protein. Our data suggest that exome sequencing is a powerful tool to discover mutation(s) in cataract, a disorder with high genetic heterogeneity. Our findings may also provide new insights into the cause and diagnosis of congenital nuclear cataract and have implications for genetic counseling.
Subject(s)
Adult , Animals , Asian People/genetics , Base Sequence , Cataract/congenital , Cataract/genetics , Cattle , Connexins/genetics , DNA Mutational Analysis , Exome/genetics , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Mutation , Pedigree , PhenotypeABSTRACT
<p><b>BACKGROUND</b>Surgical treatment of acetabular fracture has long been a challenging area in the field of orthopedic trauma. The aim of this research was to investigate the operative methods for delayed acetabular fractures and to assess the operation results.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>The operative approaches, procedures, results, and complications of the delayed acetabular fractures between 1995 and 2005 were retrospectively evaluated at Beijing Jishuitan Hospital. Quality of life was assessed for each patient with the Merle d'Aubingne and Postel fracture function rating scale and the radiological result was assessed using the Matta radiological score.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Sixty-eight cases (70 hips) were followed up with a minimal duration of five years (average of 5.8 years). Excellent functional results were observed in 10 hip joints, good results in 40, fair results in 11, and poor results in nine. The risks of poor prognosis include impact fracture or osteochondral fracture of femoral head, a time beyond 42 days from injury to operative management, and dislocation of femoral head during the injury. Some of the problems, which were observed included postoperative infection in two hips, iatrogenic sciatic nerve injury in eight hips, traumatic arthritis in 15 hips, heterotopic ossification in 17 hips, and necrosis of the femoral head in six hips.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>A careful selection of operative indications for delayed acetabular fractures in combination with a proper operative approach and appropriate reduction and fixation could guarantee relatively good results.</p>
Subject(s)
Adolescent , Adult , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Acetabulum , Wounds and Injuries , General Surgery , Fractures, Bone , General Surgery , Prognosis , Retrospective Studies , Treatment OutcomeABSTRACT
Since plague is an important natural focus zoonosis, the typing of natural plague foci becomes one of the elements in understanding the nature and developing related prevention program of the disease. Natural foci of plague are composed by four fundamental parts which include Eco-geographical landscape (natural plague foci), hosts, vectors and pathogens (Yersinia pestis) that comprehensively interact through the large temporal scale of evolution. Human activities have had great impact on the foci of natural plague. Based on the published serial research papers, we tried to integrate the knowledge of each factor in natural plague foci and focusing on theoretical aspects, so as to strengthen the prevention and surveillance programs of plague to be extrapolated to other zoonosis.
Subject(s)
Animals , Biological Evolution , China , Epidemiology , Disease Reservoirs , Geography , Insect Vectors , Plague , Epidemiology , Yersinia pestis , GeneticsABSTRACT
Treatment of refractory idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH) is a challenging problem. We reported a refractory IIH patient who manifested with typical intracranial hypertensive symptoms successfully treated with endovascular stent implantation. Pre-operative cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) opening pressure is 36 cmH2O. Cerebral angiography demonstrated a stenotic lesion located at the right transverse sinus (TS). The stenotic TS returned to its normal caliber and the pressure gradient deceased from 36 mmHg to 4 mmHg after the stent placement. The intracranial hypertensive symptoms resolved and one month later, the CSF opening pressure decreased to 14 cmH2O.
Subject(s)
Female , Humans , Middle Aged , Cerebral Angiography , Pseudotumor Cerebri , Diagnostic Imaging , General Surgery , Transverse Sinuses , Diagnostic Imaging , General SurgeryABSTRACT
<p><b>BACKGROUND</b>Multi-locus sequence typing (MLST) is widely used to explore the population structure of numerous bacterial pathogens. However, for genotypically-restricted pathogens, the sensitivity of MLST is limited by a paucity of variation within selected loci. For Bartonella henselae (B. henselae), although the MLST scheme currently used has been proven useful in defining the overall population structure of the species, its reliability for the accurate delineation of closely-related sequence types, between which allelic variation is usually limited to, at most, one or two nucleotide polymorphisms. Exploitation of high-throughput sequencing data allows a more informed selection of MLST loci and thus, potentially, a means of enhancing the sensitivity of the schemes they comprise.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>We carried out SOLiD resequencing on 12 representative B. henselae isolates and explored these data using single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) analysis. We determined the number and distribution of SNPs in the genes targeted by the established MLST scheme and modified the position of loci within these genes to capture as much genetic variation as possible.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Using genome-wide SNP data, we found the distribution of SNPs within each open reading frame (ORF) of MLST loci, which were not represented by the established B. henselae MLST scheme. We then modified the position of loci in the MLST scheme to better reflect the polymorphism in the ORF as a whole. The use of amended loci in this scheme allowed previously indistinguishable ST1 strains to be differentiated. However, the diversity of B. henselae was still rare in China.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>Our study demonstrates the use of SNP analysis to facilitate the selection of MLST loci to augment the currently-described scheme for B. henselae. And the diversity among B. henselae strains in China is markedly less than that observed in B. henselae populations elsewhere in the world.</p>
Subject(s)
Bartonella henselae , Genetics , Molecular Sequence Data , Multilocus Sequence Typing , Methods , Open Reading Frames , Genetics , Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide , GeneticsABSTRACT
<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To study the comprehensive monitoring mechanism of mouse and the effect of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) vaccine in the high prevalence areas of natural focus infectious disease of Zhejiang province in 1994 - 2010.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>The night trapping method was used to monitor the population proportion, density and the rate of hantavirus (HV) carriers in mice in Xikou township Longyou county in August and September from 1994 to 2010. The healthy residents in Xikou township aged 16 to 60 years were recruited. The subjects were randomly selected as vaccination group and control group according to age, sex, occupational distribution (10 178 in intervention group and 16 159 in control group). Intervention group was given purified and inactivated vaccine from suckling mouse brain, while the control group received no intervention. The prevention effect was evaluated by protective rate of vaccine.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The mouse population was stable in the sixteen years and the apodemus agrarius was the main type (76.5% (564/737)). The average density of mouse was 4.73% (1170/24 727). The average rate of virus carrier of mouse was 3.87% (41/1033). In 1994 - 1995, the density of mouse was 22.82% (186/815) and the rate of virus carrier was 7.0% (10/143). In 2009 - 2010, the density of mouse decreased to 2.75% (119/4330) and the rate of virus carrier was 5.5% (13/237). The average antibody positive rate of mouse from 2005 to 2010 was 4.8% (35/728) and the rate was 4.4% (6/138), 0.0% (0/113), 11.8% (16/136), 1.0% (1/104), 3.7% (4/109) and 6.3% (8/128) in each year (P < 0.01). The protective rate of HFRS vaccine was 96.2% (1 case in intervention group and 41 cases in control group).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The density of mouse decreased significantly in Zhejiang province. The rate of virus carrier of mouse is stable. The vaccine is effective.</p>
Subject(s)
Adolescent , Adult , Animals , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Young Adult , China , Epidemiology , Disease Reservoirs , Environmental Monitoring , Orthohantavirus , Hemorrhagic Fever with Renal Syndrome , Epidemiology , Muridae , Vaccination , Viral Vaccines , Therapeutic UsesABSTRACT
Objective To study the time between the onset and diagnosis of Dengue fever and its influencing factors in China.Methods Data were obtained from the Infectious Disease Surveillance System (IDSS).Descriptive analysis was performed for the time interval while nonparametric tests and logistic regression analysis were used to study the related influencing factors.Results Time interval appeared positively skewed with distribution at median of 6 days,quartile range as 4 days,while 57.8％ of them were longer than five days.Data showed that patients with longer intervals among the imported cases,being elderly,cases in non-endemic season and provinces as Fujian,Yunnan and Zhejiang appeared to have had greater influences on the disease.Median of those imported cases was six days,one day longer than locally generated cases,while median of the nonepidemic month was one day more than that of the epidemic month.In Fujian and Yunnan provinces,the medians were 7 days,one day more than that from Guangdong province.The median among young people was 5 days,one day less than that of the patients older than 20 years of age.Conclusion Most Dengue patients did not get diagnosed early enough so it was of urgent need to enhance the sensitivity of the monitoring system,especially in epidemic regions and during non-epidemic season.
ABSTRACT
Objective To group and characterize natural plague foci in China.Methods A novel two-class typing method as well as a three-indication nomenclature method were established to group and characterize the natural plague foci,on the basis of eco-geographical landscapes of plague foci,genetics of Yersinia pestis,zoology of rodent reservoirs and the entomology of flea vectors.Results A total of 12 distinct natural plague foci (including 19 subtypes) as well as their biological features were characterized.Conclusion Natural plague foci in China were grouped and characterized in this study.
ABSTRACT
Objective To characterize the biological characteristics of natural vectors of Yesinia (Y.) pestis in China.Methods Species and genera of natural vectors of Y.pestis in China and their faunal distribution were characterized with modem insect taxonomic techniques.The ecological roles of natural vectors of Y.pestis in natural plague foci were determined according to insect ecological experiments.Results There were 63 species of natural vectors of Y.pestis including 28 major reservoirs and 35 secondary ones.Conclusion The biology characteristics of major vectors on Y.pestis and their roles in natural plague foci were defined.
ABSTRACT
Objective To study the biological characteristics of natural reservoirs of Yesinia ( Y.) pestis in China.Methods Species and genera of natural reservoirs of E pestis in China and their faunal distribution were characterized with modem taxonomic techniques.The ecological roles of natural reservoirs of Y.pestis in the natural plague foci were determined according to the animal ecological experiments.Results There were 86 species of natural reservoirs of Y.pestis including 14 major reservoirs and 72 kinds of the secondary or occasional reservoirs.Conclusion The biological characteristics of major reservoirs of Y.pestis and their roles in natural plague foci were defined.